Preterm infants are exposed to frequent painful procedures and agitating stimuli over the
many weeks of their hospitalization in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). The adverse …

The prevention, assessment, and treatment of neonatal pain and agitation continues to
challenge clinicians and researchers. Substantial progress has been made in the past three …

Objectives: During hospitalization in neonatal intensive care units, neonates are exposed to
many painful procedures within a stressful environment. To date, many evidence-based …

Importance High-risk infants, defined as newborns with substantial neonatal-perinatal
morbidities, often undergo multiple procedures and require prolonged intubation, resulting …

Background Mechanical ventilation is a potentially painful and discomforting intervention
that is widely used in neonatal intensive care. Newborn infants demonstrate increased …

The past 4 decades have witnessed enormous leaps in understanding of the acute and long-
term impacts of neonatal pain and stress. Healthy infants experience roughly 12 skin …

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is one of the most devastating morbidities of preterm
infants. Antenatal factors like growth restriction and inflammation are risk factors for its …

Surfactant is a cornerstone of neonatal critical care, and the presumed less (or minimally)
invasive techniques for its administration have been proposed to reduce invasiveness of …

The perception of pain is individual and differs between children and adults. The structures
required to feel pain are developed at 24 weeks of gestation. However, pain assessment is …

Non-invasive modes of respiratory support have been shown to be the preferable way of
primary respiratory support of preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). The …