Glioma is one of the most common malignant tumors of the central nervous system and is
characterized by extensive infiltrative growth, neovascularization, and resistance to various …

Glioblastomas (GBM) are the most frequent and aggressive malignant primary brain tumor
and remains a therapeutic challenge: even after multimodal therapy, median survival of …

Purpose: Immunotherapeutic treatment strategies for glioblastoma (GBM) are under
investigation in clinical trials. However, our understanding of the immune phenotype of GBM …

Introduction The increasingly detailed genetic characterization of glioblastoma (GBM) has
failed to translate into meaningful breakthroughs in treatment. This is likely to be attributed to …

In human gliomas, anti-tumor T cell responses are inhibited through induction of local and
systemic immunosuppression. Immune checkpoint blockade is proving to be a success in …

Oncolytic viruses, such as oncolytic herpes simplex virus (oHSV), are a new class of cancer
therapeutic, which selectively replicate and kill cancer cells, while inducing an inflammatory …

Activation of programmed death-1 (PD-1) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) on
T cells leads to T cell exhaustion and ultimately facilitates tumor progression. Recent …

Background Histologically classified glioblastomas (GBM) can have different clinical
behavior and response to therapy, for which molecular subclassifications have been …

Due to their delicate locations as well as aggressive and infiltrative behavior, malignant
brain tumors remain a therapeutic challenge. Harnessing the efficacy and specificity of the T …

Purpose: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) are used for the treatment of various cancers,
but clinical trials of anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) with patients with recurrent …