Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is the main structural component of the outer membrane of most
Gram-negative bacteria and has diverse immunostimulatory and procoagulant effects. Even …

Despite advances in antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory therapies, inflammation and its
consequences still remain a significant problem in medicine. Acute inflammatory responses …

The diversity and complex organization of cells in the brain have hindered systematic
characterization of age-related changes in its cellular and molecular architecture, limiting …

Physical exercise is generally beneficial to all aspects of human and animal health, slowing
cognitive ageing and neurodegeneration. The cognitive benefits of physical exercise are …

The endotoxin hypothesis of neurodegeneration is the hypothesis that endotoxin causes or
contributes to neurodegeneration. Endotoxin is a lipopolysaccharide (LPS), constituting …

Amyloid plaques, mainly composed of abnormally aggregated amyloid β-protein (Aβ) in the
brain parenchyma, and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), consisting of hyperphosphorylated tau …

Neurodegenerative disorders have emerged as a serious health issue in the current era.
The most common neurodegenerative disorders are Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's …

The gut microbiota (GM) represents a diverse and dynamic population of microorganisms
and about 100 trillion symbiotic microbial cells that dwell in the gastrointestinal tract. Studies …

Hundreds of billions of commensal microorganisms live in and on our bodies, most of which
colonize the gut shortly after birth and stay there for the rest of our lives. In animal models …

Background Interactions between neurons, astrocytes, and microglia critically influence
neuroinflammatory responses to insult in the central nervous system. In vitro astrocyte and …