This paper is the thirty-sixth consecutive installment of the annual review of research
concerning the endogenous opioid system. It summarizes papers published during 2013 …

Aims Observing the parameter-specific anti-hyperalgesic effects of EA with different
stimulation times and frequencies on painful hyperalgesia mediated by the level of TRPV1 …

Abstract Ethnopharmacological relevance Pingchong Jiangni recipe (PJR) is often used in
the treatment of endometriosis (EM). This formula has been clinically validated by the State …

Cisplatin is a platinum-based chemotherapy drug. However, its chemotherapeutic use is
restricted by serious side effects, especially nephrotoxicity. Inflammatory mechanisms have …

Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is a chronic complication of diabetes, and its neural
mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis remain unclear. Autophagy plays an important …

Thalidomide is an antiinflammatory, antiangiogenic and immunomodulatory agent which
has been used for the treatment of erythema nodosum leprosum and multiple myeloma. It …

Background The spinal cord expresses brain-derived neurotrophic factor precursor
(proBDNF) and its receptor pan neurotrophin receptor 75 (p75NTR). However, the role of …

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a complex metabolic disorder which leads to development of
various long-term complications including cardiomyopathy. Oxidative stress due to …

Diabetic neuropathy is a common complication of diabetes mellitus affecting 30-50% of
patients and is a major cause for increased costs, morbidity and mortality. Strict diabetes …

Diabetes induced neuropathic pain is recognized as one of the most difficult types of pain to
treat with conventional analgaesics. EGb 761 is a standardized extract of Ginkgo biloba that …