The process of bone remodeling is the result of the regulated balance between bone cell
populations, namely bone-forming osteoblasts, bone-resorbing osteoclasts, and the …

The complicated connections and cross talk between the skeletal system and the immune
system are attracting more attention, which is developing into the field of Osteoimmunology …

Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is a pleiotropic cytokine expressed by macrophages,
monocytes, and T cells, and its expression is triggered by the immune system in response to …

In the skeletal system, inflammation is closely associated with many skeletal disorders,
including periprosthetic osteolysis (bone loss around orthopedic implants), osteoporosis …

Obesity is an alarming disease that favors the upset of other illnesses and enhances
mortality. It is spreading fast worldwide may affect more than 1 billion people by 2030. The …

Osteonecrosis occurs when, under continuous stimulation by adverse factors such as
glucocorticoids or alcohol, the death of local bone and marrow cells leads to abnormal …

Background It is well-known that both macrophages and osteocytes are critical regulators of
osteogenesis and osteoclastogenesis, yet there is limited understanding of the macrophage …

Quercetin (Quer) is a typical antioxidant flavonoid from plants that is involved in bone
metabolism, as well as in the progression of inflammatory diseases. Elevated levels of tumor …

Alarmins are endogenous mediators released by cells following insults or cell death to alert
the host's innate immune system of a situation of danger or harm. Many of these, such as …

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an omega-3 fatty acid that has a range of positive impacts
on human health, including anti-inflammatory effects and inhibition of osteoclast formation …