The use of cephalopod beaks in ecological and population dynamics studies has allowed
major advances of our knowledge on the role of cephalopods in marine ecosystems in the …

Here, we review the modern interface of three-dimensional (3D) empirical (eg motion
capture) and theoretical (eg modelling and simulation) approaches to the study of terrestrial …

Avian skeletal morphology is associated with locomotor function, including flight style,
swimming and terrestrial locomotion, and permits informed inferences on locomotion in …

Ichthyornis has long been recognized as a pivotally important fossil taxon for understanding
the latest stages of the dinosaur–bird transition, but little significant new postcranial material …

Expanded use of 3D imaging in organismal biology and paleontology has substantially
enhanced the ability to visualize and analyze specimens. These techniques have improved …

Using morphometrics to study nonavian dinosaur fossils is a practice that predates the origin
of the word “dinosaur.” By the 1970s, linear morphometrics had become established as a …

In birds and other reptiles, the quadrate acts as a hinge between the lower jaw and the skull
and plays an important role in avian cranial kinesis. Though previous studies have …

Hippopotamuses were present in Western Europe during the Pleistocene with at least two
continental species: Hippopotamus antiquus and H. amphibius. The former was the large …

Palaeognathae, the extant avian clade comprising the flightless ratites and flight‐capable
tinamous (Tinamidae), is the sister group to all other living birds, and recent phylogenetic …

Accurate muscle reconstructions can offer new information on the anatomy of fossil
organisms and are also important for biomechanical analysis (multibody dynamics and finite …