Electromagnetic waves from the lower radio frequencies up through the optical spectrum
can generate a myriad of effects and responses in biological specimens. Some of these …

Various characteristics of photon diffusion in turbid biological media are examined.
Applications include the interpretation of data acquired with laser Doppler blood-flow …

A three-dimensional diffuse reflectance equation for a two-layer tissue model was
developed using photon diffusion theory. In this model, tissue was considered to consist of …

A diffusion model describing the propagation of photon flux in the epidermal, dermal, and
subcutaneous tissue layers of the skin is presented. Assuming that the skin is illuminated by …

Two important optical properties of red blood cells (RBCs), their microscopic scattering cross
sections σs, and the mean cosine of their scattering angles μ¯, contribute to the optical …

We investigated the impact of the scattering phase function approximation on the optical
properties of whole human blood determined from integrating sphere measurements using …

Photon-diffusion theory has had limited success in modeling the optical transmittance of
whole blood. Therefore we have developed a new photon-diffusion model of the optical …

We derive some statistical properties of photons emitted from bulk tissue that has been
irradiated by a continuous beam of laser light. The properties include the distribution and …

Photoplethysmography (PPG) and laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) were compared and
evaluated. The comparison was accomplished considering differences in physical principles …

Diagnosis of anemia relies on the detection of hemoglobin levels in a blood sample.
Conventional blood analyzers are not readily available in most low-resource regions where …