Trajectories toward risk or resilience in psychiatric disorders are influenced by acquired and
inherited factors. More recently, evidence from rodent studies suggest that acquired risk …

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a member of the neurotrophin family of growth
factors. It is expressed throughout the nervous system. A unique feature of the BDNF gene is …

Objective Examined effects of prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE) on tobacco, alcohol,
marijuana and cocaine use by age 15. Methods Adolescent (n= 358; 183 PCE, 175 non …

Exposure to drugs early in life has complex and long‐lasting implications for brain structure
and function. This review summarizes work to date on the immediate and long‐term effects …

Cocaine exposure during pregnancy can impact brain development and have long-term
behavioral consequences. The present study examined the lasting consequences of …

Background: It has been elucidated that Berberis vulgaris (barberry) can alleviate morphine
withdrawal syndrome. Also it has been reported that aqueous extract of barberry possibly …

Background Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) is a leading cause of hyperactivity in children.
Excitation of dopamine D1 receptor‐expressing medium spiny neurons (D1‐MSN s) of the …

Cocaine exposure during pregnancy causes abnormality in fetal brain development, leading
to cognitive dysfunction of the offspring, but the underlying cellular mechanism remains …

Crack users suffer the effects of cocaine present in the drug and the action of other active
compounds from its pyrolysis. An emergent fact is an increase in the number of pregnant …

Efavirenz is abused in a cannabis-containing mixture known as Nyaope. The addictive-like
effects of efavirenz (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg) was explored using conditioned place preference …