Innate immunity is the first defense system against invading pathogens. Toll-like receptors
(TLRs) are well-defined pattern recognition receptors responsible for pathogen recognition …

The role of the gut microbiome in models of inflammatory and autoimmune disease is now
well characterized. Renewed interest in the human microbiome and its metabolites, as well …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are discovered as crucial pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)
involved in the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Later …

The incidence of autoimmune diseases has been steadily rising. Concomitantly, the
incidence of most infectious diseases has declined. This observation gave rise to the …

This review attempts to cover the implication of the toll-like receptors (TLRs) in controlling
immune functions with emphasis on their significance, function, regulation and expression …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a group of receptors widely distributed in the organism. In the
central nervous system, they are expressed in neurons, astrocytes and microglia. Although …

Neuronal dysfunction initiates several intracellular signaling cascades to release different
proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, as well as various reactive oxygen species. In …

Neurodegeneration, the slow and progressive dysfunction and loss of neurons and axons in
the central nervous system, is the primary pathological feature of acute and chronic …

Introduction• TLR signalling• Endogenous TLR ligands• Biological significance of signalling
triggered by endogenous TLR ligands‐Ischemia and reperfusion injury‐Tissue repair and …

Innate immunity is a constitutive component of the central nervous system (CNS) and relies
strongly on resident myeloid cells, the microglia. However, evidence is emerging that the …