Cells may die from accidental cell death (ACD) or regulated cell death (RCD). ACD is a
biologically uncontrolled process, whereas RCD involves tightly structured signaling …

Palmitic acid is a saturated fatty acid whose blood concentration is elevated in obese
patients. This causes inflammatory responses, where toll-like receptors (TLR), TLR2 and …

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a common heart disease and the leading cause of
cardiovascular death. Apoptosis and autophagy are two forms of programmed cell deaths …

Like the organism they constitute, the cells also die in different ways. The death can be
predetermined, programmed, and cleanly executed, as in the case of apoptosis, or it can be …

Cancer is the second biggest cause of death worldwide. Despite a number of studies being
conducted, the effective mechanism for treating cancer has not yet been fully understood …

Redox biological reactions are now accepted to bear the Janus faceted feature of promoting
both physiological signaling responses and pathophysiological cues. Endogenous …

Cell death is an essential biological process for physiological growth and development.
Three classical forms of cell death—apoptosis, autophagy, and necrosis—display distinct …

Stress induced by accumulation of misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum is
observed in many physiological and pathological conditions. To cope with endoplasmic …

Stress-signaling pathways are evolutionarily conserved and play an important role in the
maintenance of homeostasis. These pathways are also critical for adaptation to new cellular …

Caspases are proteolytic enzymes that belong to the cysteine protease family and play a
crucial role in homeostasis and programmed cell death. Caspases have been broadly …