Background Cities are home to over half the global population; that proportion is expected to
rise to 70% by mid-century. The urban environment differs greatly from that in which humans …

Introduction: Pulmonary drug delivery is a complex field of research combining physics
which drive aerosol transport and deposition and biology which underpins efficacy and …

Incomplete combustion processes in diesel engines produce particulate matter (PM) that
significantly contributes to air pollution. Currently, there remains a knowledge gap in relation …

The aim of this review is to provide a systematic design guideline to users, particularly
engineers interested in developing and deploying lung models, and biologists seeking to …

Inhalation exposure to environmental and occupational aerosol contaminants is associated
with many respiratory health problems. To realistically mimic long-term inhalation exposure …

Heated tobacco products (HTP) are novel nicotine delivery products with limited
toxicological data. HTP uses heating instead of combustion to generate aerosol (HTP …

Hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) is an environmental contaminant to cause the airway damage. The
release of macrophage extracellular traps (METs) is the mechanism of immune protection to …

Since the industrial revolution, air pollution has become a major problem causing several
health problems involving the airways as well as the cardiovascular, reproductive, or …

Prolonged exposure to environmental respirable toxicants can lead to the development and
worsening of severe respiratory diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary …

The lungs are important organs that play a critical role in the development of specific
diseases, as well as responding to the effects of drugs, chemicals, and environmental …