Viviparity has originated independently more than 150 times in vertebrates, while the male
pregnancy only emerged in Syngnathidae fishes, such as seahorses. The typical male …

Viviparity—live birth—is a complex and innovative mode of reproduction that has evolved
repeatedly across the vertebrate Tree of Life. Viviparous species exhibit remarkable levels of …

Syngnathidae is a peculiar fish family in which pregnant males incubate developing
embryos in a brood pouch which is functionally equivalent to the mammalian uterus …

Male pregnancy in syngnathids (seahorses, pipefishes, and sea dragons) is an evolutionary
innovation in the animal kingdom. Paternal immune resistance to the fetus is a critical …

Leptin is an essential hormone for the regulation of energy metabolism and food intake in
vertebrate animals. To better understand the physiological roles of leptin in nutrient …

Live birth has emerged as a reproductive strategy many times across vertebrate evolution;
however, mammals account for the majority of viviparous vertebrates. Marsupials are a …

Along with the evolution process, the reproductive strategies evolved including oviparity,
viviparity and ovoviviparity, to fit the residential environment maximize the survival rate of the …

Seahorses are a hallmark of specialized morphological features due to their elongated
prehensile tail. However, the underlying genomic grounds of seahorse tail development …

In brief Seahorses exhibit male pregnancy and are thus valuable comparative models for the
study of the physiology and evolution of pregnancy. This study shows that protein is …

Introduction Viviparity (live-birth) has evolved from oviparity (egg-laying) multiple times in
sharks. While most transitions from oviparity to viviparity have resulted in non-placental …