The outer retina is nourished from the choroid, a capillary bed just inside the sclera. O2,
glucose, and other nutrients diffuse out of the choroid and then filter through a monolayer of …

Energy metabolism refers to the processes by which life transfers energy to do cellular work.
The retina's relatively large energy demands make it vulnerable to energy insufficiency. In …

Neurons require large amounts of energy, but whether they can perform glycolysis or require
glycolysis to maintain energy remains unclear. Using metabolomics, we show that human …

Here we report multiple lines of evidence for a comprehensive model of energy metabolism
in the vertebrate eye. Metabolic flux, locations of key enzymes, and our finding that glucose …

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of vision loss in the western
world. Recent evidence suggests that RPE and photoreceptors have an interconnected …

A number of pharmacological targets are exploited to modify the parameters in the
Goldmann equation and reduce the intraocular pressure (IOP). This strategy constitutes the …

Neuronal energy demands are met by a tightly coupled and adaptive vascular network that
supplies nutrients and oxygen. The retina is one of the highest energy-consuming organs …

Vertebrate photoreceptors are among the most metabolically active cells, exhibiting a high
rate of ATP consumption. This is coupled with a high anabolic demand, necessitated by the …

Aerobic glycolysis accounts for∼ 80%–90% of glucose used by adult photoreceptors (PRs);
yet, the importance of aerobic glycolysis for PR function or survival remains unclear. Here …

Photoreceptors have high energy demands and a high density of mitochondria that produce
ATP through oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) of fuel substrates. Although glucose is …