Neuropathic pain in humans results from an injury or disease of the somatosensory nervous
system at the peripheral or central level. Despite the considerable progress in pain …

This paper is the thirty-ninth consecutive installment of the annual review of research
concerning the endogenous opioid system. It summarizes papers published during 2016 …

This preliminary clinical investigation of the pharmacokinetic behavior of the main
metamizole (dipyrone) metabolites 4-methylaminoantipyrine (4-MAA) and 4-aminoantipyrine …

Metamizol (also known as dipyrone or sulpyrine) is one of the non-opioid analgesics
commonly used in clinical practice in the treatment of somatic and visceral pain. Here, our …

Dipyrone is an analgesic pro-drug used clinically to control moderate pain with a high
analgesic efficacy and low toxicity. Dipyrone is hydrolyzed to 4-methylaminoantipyrine (4 …

Introduction: The local peripheral combination of analgesic drugs with herbal derivatives
may have beneficial effects. Information on the action mechanism of these interactions …

The essential oil of bergamot (BEO) is one of the most common essential oils and is most
familiar to the general public. The aims of this study were to investigate the effect of …

Nociceptive information is transmitted from the periphery to the cerebral cortex mainly by
action potential (AP) conduction in nerve fibers and chemical transmission at synapses …

Preclinical models that assess “pain” in rodents typically measure increases in behaviors
produced by a “pain stimulus.” A large literature exists showing that kappa opioid receptor …

The availability of metamizole varies greatly around the world. There are countries such as
the USA, UK, or Australia where the use of metamizole is completely forbidden, and there …