The proteins extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 (ERK1) and ERK2 are the downstream
components of a phosphorelay pathway that conveys growth and mitogenic signals largely …

The molecular mechanisms and signalling pathways that regulate the in vitro preservation of
distinct pluripotent stem cell configurations, and their induction in somatic cells by direct …

We recently derived mouse expanded potential stem cells (EPSCs) from individual
blastomeres by inhibiting the critical molecular pathways that predispose their differentiation …

Concomitant activation of the Wnt pathway and suppression of Mapk signalling by two small
molecule inhibitors (2i) in the presence of leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF)(hereafter termed …

The MAP kinase signaling cascade Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK has been involved in a large variety
of cellular and physiological processes that are crucial for life. Many pathological situations …

Pluripotency is a state that exists transiently in the early embryo and, remarkably, can be
recapitulated in vitro by deriving embryonic stem cells or by reprogramming somatic cells to …

The white shark (Carcharodon carcharias; Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii) is one of the
most publicly recognized marine animals. Here we report the genome sequence of the white …

Though totipotency and pluripotency are transient during early embryogenesis, they
establish the foundation for the development of all mammals. Studying these in vivo has …

Abstract The RAS-regulated RAF-MEK1/2-ERK1/2 signalling pathway is de-regulated in a
variety of cancers due to mutations in receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), negative regulators …

Here, I propose that cancer stem cells (CSCs) would be equivalent to para-embryonic stem
cells (p-ESCs), derived from adult cells de-re-programmed to a ground state. p-ESCs would …