Skeletal muscle mass increases during postnatal development through a process of
hypertrophy, ie enlargement of individual muscle fibers, and a similar process may be …

Skeletal muscle is a plastic organ that is maintained by multiple pathways regulating cell
and protein turnover. During muscle atrophy, proteolytic systems are activated, and …

Many pathological states characterized by muscle atrophy (eg, sepsis, cachexia, starvation,
metabolic acidosis and severe insulinopenia) are associated with an increase in circulating …

Cardiac hypertrophy can be defined as an increase in heart mass. Pathological cardiac
hypertrophy (heart growth that occurs in settings of disease, eg hypertension) is a key risk …

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can differentiate into several lineages during development
and also contribute to tissue homeostasis and regeneration, although the requirements for …

Activity of estrogen, a sex steroid hormone, is not only limited to the reproductive organs but
also involves other organs and tissues, including skeletal muscle. In postmenopausal …

Mitochondria play central roles in ATP production, energy expenditure, and disposal of ROS.
Excessive energy substrates lead to mitochondrial dysfunction with consequential effects on …

Muscle performance is influenced by turnover of contractile proteins. Production of new
myofibrils and degradation of existing proteins is a delicate balance, which, depending on …

Skeletal muscle is a malleable tissue capable of altering the type and amount of protein in
response to disruptions to cellular homeostasis. The process of exerciseinduced adaptation …

Introduction: ACE‐031 is a fusion protein of activin receptor type IIB and IgG1‐Fc, which
binds myostatin and related ligands. It aims to disrupt the inhibitory effect on muscle …