Adjuvants are indispensable components of vaccines. Despite being widely used in
vaccines, their action mechanisms are not yet clear. With a greater understanding of the …

Aging is accompanied by remodeling of the immune system. With time, this leads to a
decline in immune efficacy, resulting in increased vulnerability to infectious diseases …

Background: Infectious diseases and vaccines can occasionally cause new-onset or flare of
immune-mediated diseases (IMDs). The adjuvanticity of the available SARS-CoV-2 vaccines …

Despite the success of vaccination to greatly mitigate or eliminate threat of diseases caused
by pathogens, there are still known diseases and emerging pathogens for which the …

Synthetic mRNA represents an exciting cancer vaccine technology for the implementation of
effective cancer immunotherapy. However, inefficient in vivo mRNA delivery along with a …

The occurrence of the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-
2), responsible for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVD-19), represents a catastrophic threat to …

Despite the many advances that have occurred in the field of vaccine adjuvants, there are
still unmet needs that may enable the development of vaccines suitable for more …

Introduction: Adjuvants are used to improve vaccine immunogenicity and efficacy by
enhancing antigen presentation to antigen-specific immune cells with the aim to confer long …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are transmembrane proteins belonging to the family of pattern-
recognition receptors. They function as sensors of invading pathogens through recognition …

In vitro-transcribed messenger RNA-based therapeutics represent a relatively novel and
highly efficient class of drugs. Several recently published studies emphasize the potential …