Mounting evidence suggests that environmental factors—in particular, those that we are
exposed to during perinatal life—can dramatically shape the organism's risk for later …

Major depression is a common, serious and recurrent disorder that affects 17-20% of the
population of the world. The chronic mild stress (CMS) model has been used as an animal …

Chronic pain is a multidimensional experience that not only includes changes in nociception
but also impairments in emotional and cognitive functions, not often taken into account in …

Interferon-alpha (IFN-α) is a naturally occurring human cytokine that is a key therapy in the
treatment of several viral diseases and cancers. However, treatment can produce significant …

Dystonia is a neurological disorder with involuntary and simultaneous contractions of
agonist and antagonist muscles. Rapid-onset dystonia parkinsonism (RDP), one of the …

The environmental psychological stress causes depressive disorders. Stress causes many
neurobiological, neurodegenerative changes in brain. Topiramate (TPM) is used in the …

For most animal species, olfaction plays a paramount role in their perception of the
environment. Odours are initially detected in neurons located in the olfactory mucosa. This …

Exposure to chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) is gaining acceptance as a putative animal
model of depression. However, there is evidence that chronic exposure to stress can offer …

Abstract The selective sigma 2 (σ 2) ligand Lu 28-179, or 1′-[4 [1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1 H-indol-
3-yl]-1-butyl] spiro [isobenzofuran-1 (3H), 4′-piperidine], was studied in the chronic mild …

The review describes a personal journey through 25 years of animal research with a focus
on the contribution of rodent models for anxiety and depression to the development of new …