Exosomes play a role as mediators of cell-to-cell communication, thus exhibiting pleiotropic
activities to homeostasis regulation. Exosomal non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), mainly …

Cancer has been one of the most common life‐threatening diseases for a long time.
Traditional cancer therapies such as surgery, chemotherapy (CT), and radiotherapy (RT) …

Cancer cells alter metabolic processes to sustain their characteristic uncontrolled growth
and proliferation. These metabolic alterations include (1) a shift from oxidative …

Drug resistance represents a major obstacle in cancer management, and the mechanisms
underlying stress adaptation of cancer cells in response to therapy-induced hostile …

Currently, the role of the lysosome, endoplasmic reticulum, or dictyosome in the transcription
and translation of programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD‐L1) is well revealed, but the role and …

In eukaryotic cells, ATP generation is generally viewed as the primary function of
mitochondria under normoxic conditions. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), in contrast, are …

At present, radiotherapy (RT) still acquires limited success in clinical due to the lessened
DNA damage under hypoxia and acquired immune tolerance owing to the amplified …

Blocking energy metabolism of cancer cells and simultaneously stimulating the immune
system to perform immune attack are significant for cancer treatment. However, how to …

Tumor metastasis is the major cause of mortality from cancer. Metabolic rewiring and the
metastatic cascade are highly intertwined, co-operating to promote multiple steps of cancer …

Ferroptosis activation has been considered a mighty weapon for cancer treatment, and
growing attention is being paid to reinforcing tumor cells' sensitivity to ferroptosis. However …