Immune tolerance deletes or suppresses autoreactive lymphocytes and is established at
multiple levels during the development, activation and effector phases of T and B cells …

Autoimmune diseases (AIDs) are immune disorders whose incidence and prevalence are
increasing year by year. AIDs are produced by the immune system's misidentification of self …

T follicular helper (Tfh) cells with the phenotype of mainly expressing surface molecules
CXC motif chemokine receptor type 5 (CXCR5), inducible co-stimulator (ICOS), secreting …

Immune checkpoint inhibitor therapies act through blockade of inhibitory molecules involved
in the regulation of T cells, thus releasing tumor specific T cells to destroy their tumor targets …

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) widely exist in people's production and life which
have great potential to damage human and animal health. Over the past few decades …

Background and Aim of the Study Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune
disease characterized by lymphocyte imbalance. The differentiation and function of T and B …

Autoimmune diseases are heterogeneous disorders believed to stem from the immune
system's inability to distinguish between auto-and foreign-antigens. B lymphocytes serve a …

Immunosensors are a special class of biosensors that employ specific antibodies for
biorecognition of the target analyte. Immunosensors that target disease biomarkers may be …

Environmental exposure may function as a contributing risk factor in the development of
systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Recently, the global issue of microplastics (MPs) …

Given the global surge in autoimmune diseases, it is critical to evaluate emerging
therapeutic interventions. Despite numerous new targeted immunomodulatory therapies …