Vertebrates exhibit an impressive array of morphological diversity, with a variety of body
plan features exhibited by extinct and extant taxa, and the cartilaginous fishes are no …

The p63 transcription factor, homolog to the p53 tumour suppressor, plays a key role in limb,
epithelial and cranio-facial development. p63 activity and stability are tightly modulated to …

Correct number and pattern of digits is determined in a time and concentration-dependent
manner by a gradient of Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) across the anterior-posterior axis of the …

Retinoic acid (RA) signaling is important to normal development. However, the function of
the different RA receptors (RARs)--RARα, RARβ, and RARγ--is as yet unclear. We have …

Behind the broad anatomical diversity observed in vertebrate species rests a common body
plan that is established early during embryogenesis and is shared by the entire clade …

The structural origin of the vertebrates' paired limbs is still an unsolved problem. Historically,
two hypotheses have been raised to explain the origin of vertebrate limbs: the …

The development and maintenance of the sexually dimorphic phenotype in vertebrates is
regulated by the signaling interactions of steroid hormones like androgens, estrogens, and …

Paired appendages (fins and limbs) are regarded as distinct morphologies by classification
of skeletal patterns. On the basis of sequential orientation and articulation of tetrapod limb …

Haploinsufficiency for Nipbl, a cohesin loading protein, causes Cornelia de Lange
Syndrome (CdLS), the most common ''cohesinopathy''. It has been proposed that the effects …

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are increasingly recognized as important regulators of
genomic processes and cellular specification. Many lncRNAs regulate chromatin by …