Poor performance in horses is often attributed to rider or training problems or behavioral
abnormalities. Riders often fail to recognize lameness. We need to determine if there are …

During the last decade, a number of pain assessment tools based on facial expressions
have been developed for horses. While all tools focus on moveable facial muscles related to …

Simple Summary Pain can be difficult to objectively assess in animals, especially in prey
animals that hide their symptoms from others. Donkeys are also known to mask and hide …

In recent decades, much effort has been invested in scientific studies of objective and
reliable assessment of pain in horses. Various types of pain assessment tools have been …

Simple Summary Pain scales are tools developed to improve pain assessment in horses.
They are based on behaviors and/or facial expressions, and the observer allocates a score …

Osteoarthritis (OA), also known as osteoarthrosis or degenerative joint disease, is the most
important chronic musculoskeletal disorder in both humans and horses. Although not a life …

Proper pain therapy requires adequate pain assessment. This study evaluated the reliability
and validity of the Unesp-Botucatu horse acute pain scale (UHAPS), the Orthopedic …

Objective—To compare the cardiorespiratory, gastrointestinal, analgesic, and behavioral
effects between IV and IM administration of morphine in conscious horses with no signs of …

Pain is an essential part of everyday life. It is necessary and helpful for the individual and the
species to survive in a potentially hostile environment. 1 In this sense, pain is adaptive. In …

The purpose of this study was to describe the development and preliminary validation of a
composite pain scale, called the Equine Ophthalmic Pain Scale (EOPS), to assess ocular …