Addiction is commonly identified with habitual nonmedical self-administration of drugs. It is
usually defined by characteristics of intoxication or by characteristics of withdrawal …

The ventral pallidum (VP) plays a critical role in the processing and execution of motivated
behaviors. Yet this brain region is often overlooked in published discussions of the …

Rodents engage in social communication through a rich repertoire of ultrasonic
vocalizations (USVs). Recording and analysis of USVs has broad utility during diverse …

Several lines of evidence indicate that rats emit ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) in response
to a wide range of stimuli that are capable of producing either euphoric (positive) or …

Abstract Orexins ('hypocretins') are peptides produced by neurons of the hypothalamus that
project to structures implicated in reward and emotion processing. Converging evidence …

The present review describes ways in which ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) have been
used in studies of substance abuse. Accordingly, studies are reviewed which demonstrate …

Rationale Rats emit various distinct types of ultrasonic vocalizations (USV), with high-
frequency 50-kHz USV typically occurring in appetitive situations being elicited by …

The experience of positive affect during new motherhood is considered essential for a
healthy mother–infant relationship, with life-long consequences for both mother and child …

Rats emit high-frequency 50-kHz ultrasonic vocalizations (USV) in appetitive situations like
social interactions. Drugs of abuse are probably the most potent non-social elicitors of 50 …

Rationale Acute cocaine administration produces an initial rewarding state followed by a
dysphoric/anxiogenic “crash.” Objective The objective of this study was to determine whether …