Background The cause of multiple sclerosis is believed to involve environmental exposure
and genetic susceptibility. We aimed to summarise the environmental risk factors that have …

During the initial stages of hemorrhagic stroke, including intracerebral hemorrhage and
subarachnoid hemorrhage, the reflex mechanisms are activated to protect cerebral …

Importance Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) is characterized by
restricted venous outflow from the brain and spinal cord. Whether this condition is …

Purpose: To evaluate if jugular vein flow restoration in various venographic defects
indicative of chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) in multiple sclerosis (MS) …

Purpose: To determine whether a correlation exists between chronic cerebrospinal venous
insufficiency (CCSVI) and multiple sclerosis (MS). Materials and Methods: A meta-analysis …

Objectives: Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) has recently been
implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). This comprehensive meta-analysis …

The role of the venous system in the pathogenesis of inflammatory neurological/
neurodegenerative diseases remains largely unknown and underinvestigated. Aside from …

Objective Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) is a recently discovered
syndrome mainly due to stenoses of internal jugular (IJV) and/or azygos (AZ) veins. The …

The objective of this review is to analyze the actual scientific controversy on chronic
cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) and its association with both neurodegenerative …

Abstract In 2008, Paulo Zamboni pioneered the 'liberation procedure'for treating multiple
sclerosis (MS), claiming that MS is caused by an abnormality of venous drainage which he …