The host defence of insects includes a combination of cellular and humoral responses. The
cellular arm of the insect innate immune system includes mechanisms that are directly …

Over a long period of evolution, insects have developed unique intestinal defenses against
invasion by foreign microorganisms, including physical defenses and immune responses …

Insects possess an immune system that protects them from attacks by various pathogenic
microorganisms that would otherwise threaten their survival. Immune mechanisms may deal …

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) with antiviral activity (antiviral peptides: AVPs) have become
a research hotspot and already show immense potential to become pharmaceutically …

Phagocytosis is an ancient, highly conserved process in all multicellular organisms, through
which the host can protect itself against invading microorganisms and environmental …

Chronic inflammation is associated with the development and progression of several
noncommunicable diseases, such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney …

Insects live in incredibly complex environments. The intestinal epithelium of insects is in
constant contact with microorganisms, some of which are beneficial and some harmful to the …

Background The insect hemolymph (blood-equivalent fluid), composed of a large number of
hemocytes (blood cells) and a variety of soluble immune effectors, is hostile for pathogens …

Different from holometabolous insects, the hemipteran species such as pea aphid
Acyrthosiphon pisum exhibit reduced immune responses with the absence of the genes …

Lectins are important pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and their immunological action is
related to the recognition of glycans present in the pathogen cells surface. The lectins …