Although the gastrointestinal (GI) tract possesses intrinsic neural plexuses that allow a
significant degree of autonomy over GI functions, the central nervous system (CNS) provides …

Pancreatic β-cell dysfunction plays an important role in the pathogenesis of both type 1 and
type 2 diabetes. Insulin, which is produced in β-cells, is a critical regulator of metabolism …

Obesity, insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome are associated with changes to the
gut microbiota; however, the mechanism by which modifications to the gut microbiota might …

A discussion of the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus must start with a review of
mechanisms involved in the maintenance of normal glucose homeostasis in the basal or …

Insulin and glucagon are potent regulators of glucose metabolism. For decades, we have
viewed diabetes from a bi-hormonal perspective of glucose regulation. This perspective is …

An insidious increase in features of the'metabolic syndrome'—obesity, insulin resistance and
dyslipidaemia—has conspired to produce a worldwide epidemic of type 2 insulin-resistant …

Abstract Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a gut peptide that, together with its receptor,
GLP-1R, is expressed in the brain. Here we show that intracerebroventricular (icv) GLP-1 …

Diabetes mellitus has now assumed epidemic proportions in many countries of the world.
With the present population of 19.4 million diabetics, and approximately 60 million by the …

The physiological effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) are of immense interest
because of the potential clinical relevance of this peptide. Produced in intestinal L-cells …

Glucagon, the counter-regulatory hormone to insulin, is secreted from pancreatic α cells in
response to low blood glucose. To examine the role of glucagon in glucose homeostasis …