In human addicts, drug relapse and craving are often provoked by stress. Since 1995, this
clinical scenario has been studied using a rat model of stress-induced reinstatement of drug …

Tetrahydropalmatine (THP), a tetrahydroproberine isoquinoline alkaloid, is widely present in
some botanical drugs, such as Stephania epigaea HS Lo (Menispermaceae; Radix …

Environmental stimuli are powerful mediators of craving and relapse in substance‐abuse
disorders. This review examined how animal models have been used to investigate the …

Cocaine is a stimulant that leads to the rapid accumulation of catecholamines and serotonin
in the brain due to prevention of their re-uptake into the neuron that released the …

The choice between smoking, injecting or swallowing a drug influences the risk of addiction,
as this determines both how much drug gets into the brain and how fast. Most animal studies …

Levo-tetrahydropalmatine (l-THP) is an active constituent of herbal preparations containing
plant species of the genera Stephania and Corydalis and has been approved and used in …

In the search for efficacious pharmacotherapies to treat cocaine addiction much attention
has been given to agents targeting dopamine D1 or D3 receptors because of the …

5-hydroxytryptamine6 receptor (5-HT6R) antagonists have shown efficacy in animal models
for cognitive impairment in multiple cognitive domains relevant for schizophrenia …

Substance use disorders (SUDs) are a leading cause of death and other ill health effects in
the United States and other countries in the world. Several approaches ranging from …

We evaluated C-3 alkoxylated and C-3/C-9 dialkoxylated (−)-stepholidine analogues to
probe the tolerance at the C-3 and C-9 positions of the tetrahydroprotoberberine (THPB) …