This article is part of a Special Issue “SBN 2014”. Women are more vulnerable to stress-and
fear-based disorders, such as anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder. Despite the …

Abstract Nearly 100 years ago, Ivan Pavlov demonstrated that dogs could learn to use a
neutral cue to predict a biologically relevant event: after repeated predictive pairings …

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) affects approximately 2–3% of the population and is
characterized by recurrent intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors or …

The psychology of extinction has been studied for decades. Approximately 10 years ago,
however, there began a concerted effort to understand the neural circuits of extinction of fear …

This review and meta-analysis aims at summarizing and integrating the human
neuroimaging studies that report periaqueductal gray (PAG) involvement; 250 original …

Importance Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) may be characterized by impaired self-
regulation and behavioral inhibition. Elevated fear and anxiety are common characteristics …

Learning and memory for extinction of conditioned fear is a basic mammalian mechanism for
regulating negative emotion. Sleep promotes both the consolidation of memory and the …

The role of interoception and its neural basis with relevance to drug addiction is reviewed.
Interoception consists of the receiving, processing, and integrating body-relevant signals …

Convergent data from rodents and human studies have led to the development of models
describing the neural mechanisms of fear extinction. Key components of the now well …

Background Fear generalization is thought to contribute to the development and
maintenance of anxiety symptoms and accordingly has been the focus of recent research …