Cardiac arrhythmias are among the leading causes of mortality. They often arise from
alterations in the electrophysiological properties of cardiac cells and their underlying ionic …

Voltage-gated calcium channels are required for many key functions in the body. In this
review, the different subtypes of voltage-gated calcium channels are described and their …

Background: Among his major cardiac electrophysiological contributions, Miles Vaughan
Williams (1918–2016) provided a classification of antiarrhythmic drugs that remains central …

The function of the heart is to contract and pump oxygenated blood to the body and
deoxygenated blood to the lungs. To achieve this goal, a normal human heart must beat …

Ion channels on the surface membrane of sinoatrial nodal pacemaker cells (SANCs) are the
proximal cause of an action potential. Each individual channel type has been thoroughly …

Pacemaking is a basic physiological process, and the cellular mechanisms involved in this
function have always attracted the keen attention of investigators. The “funny”(I f) current …

Optimal cardiac function depends on proper timing of excitation and contraction in various
regions of the heart, as well as on appropriate heart rate. This is accomplished via …

Calcium (Ca2+) is a critical regulator of cardiac myocyte function. Principally, Ca2+ is the
link between the electrical signals that pervade the heart and contraction of the myocytes to …

L‐type calcium channels (Cav1) represent one of the three major classes (Cav1–3) of
voltage‐gated calcium channels. They were identified as the target of clinically used calcium …

In a normal human life span, the heart beats about 2–3 billion times. Under diseased
conditions, a heart may lose its normal rhythm and degenerate suddenly into much faster …