Considerable progress has been made in improving the estimation accuracy of cognitive
workload using various sensor technologies. However, the overall performance of different …

Pain is a complex and personal experience that presents diverse measurement challenges.
Different sensing technologies can be used as a surrogate measure of pain to overcome …

Non-oncologic chronic pain is a common high-morbidity impairment worldwide and
acknowledged as a condition with significant incidence on quality of life. Pain intensity is …

Critically ill patients often lack cognitive or communicative functions, making it challenging to
assess their pain levels using self-reporting mechanisms. There is an urgent need for an …

Acupuncture is a practice of treatment based on influencing specific points on the body by
inserting needles. According to traditional Chinese medicine, the aim of acupuncture …

Pain assessment is a challenging task encountered by clinicians. In clinical settings,
patients' self-report is considered the gold standard in pain assessment. However, patients …

Introduction Pain assessment is extremely important in patients unable to communicate and
it is often done by clinical judgement. However, assessing pain using observable indicators …

Objective Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) based on wrist-ankle
acupuncture has been shown to relieve pain levels in patients with myofascial pain …

Learning ability evaluation has been critical in educational and medical fields to investigate
learning achievement or cognitive impairment. Previous researchers utilized biosignal data …

In this paper, we study the effects of the presence of pain on the classification accuracy of
mental arithmetic tasks in functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS)-based brain …