TGFβ signalling has key roles in cancer progression: most carcinoma cells have inactivated
their epithelial antiproliferative response and benefit from increased TGFβ expression and …

The lymphatic system is comprised of a network of vessels interrelated with lymphoid tissue,
which has the holistic function to maintain the local physiologic environment for every cell in …

Background The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a critical player in tumor progression,
metastasis and therapy outcomes. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are a well …

Recent genomic studies challenge the conventional model that each metastasis must arise
from a single tumor cell and instead reveal that metastases can be composed of multiple …

Cancer nanotherapeutics are progressing at a steady rate; research and development in the
field has experienced an exponential growth since early 2000's. The path to the …

Tumor cells metastasize to distant organs through a complex series of events that are driven
by tumor intrinsic and extrinsic factors. In particular, non-malignant stromal cells, including …

Metastasis is the leading cause of cancer mortality. The metastatic cascade represents a
multi-step process which includes local tumor cell invasion, entry into the vasculature …

Background Lenvatinib is an oral inhibitor of multiple receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs)
targeting vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR1-3), fibroblast growth factor …

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an endothelial cell-specific mitogen in vitro and
an angiogenic inducer in a variety of in vivo models. Hypoxia has been shown to be a major …

The existence of factors that stimulate blood vessel growth, thereby recruiting a neovascular
supply to nourish a growing tumour, was postulated many decades ago, although the …