Ligation of the CD28 receptor on T cells provides a critical second signal alongside T cell
receptor (TCR) ligation for naive T cell activation. Here, we discuss the expression, structure …

Cancer immunotherapy is now a powerful clinical reality, with a steady progression of new
drug approvals and a massive pipeline of additional treatments in clinical and preclinical …

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are now established as targeted therapies for malignancies,
transplant rejection, autoimmune and infectious diseases, as well as a range of new …

Interactions that occur between several tumour necrosis factor (TNF)–TNF receptors that are
expressed by T cells and various other immune and non-immune cell types are central to T …

Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) result in major health problems in the United States in both
the inpatient and outpatient setting. ADRs are broadly categorized into predictable (type A …

Immune system regulation is of paramount importance to host survival. In settings of
autoimmunity and alloimmunity, control is lost, resulting in injury to vital organs and tissues …

After a drug is confirmed as safe and efficacious in preclinical studies, it is tested in healthy
human volunteers for first in man trials. In 2006, a phase I clinical study was conducted for a …

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) suppress exuberant immune system activation and promote
immunologic tolerance. Because Tregs modulate both innate and adaptive immunity, the …

Chimeric antigen receptor T cells have dramatically improved the treatment of hematologic
malignancies. T cell antigen receptor (TCR)-based cell therapies are yet to achieve …

Abstract 'Humanized mice'are anticipated to be a valuable tool for studying the human
immune system, but the reconstituted human immune cells have not yet been well …