Adjuvants are indispensable components of vaccines. Despite being widely used in
vaccines, their action mechanisms are not yet clear. With a greater understanding of the …

Vaccines are the key technology to combat existing and emerging infectious diseases.
However, increasing the potency, quality and durability of the vaccine response remains a …

The COVID-19 pandemic has infected millions of people with no clear signs of abatement
owing to the high prevalence, long incubation period and lack of established treatments or …

Virus-like particles (VLPs) have become key tools in biology, medicine and even
engineering. After their initial use to resolve viral structures at the atomic level, VLPs were …

An effective tumor vaccine vector that can rapidly display neoantigens is urgently needed.
Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) can strongly activate the innate immune system and are …

Vaccinations are one of the most important preventive tools against infectious diseases.
Over time, many different types of vaccines have been developed concerning the antigen …

Therapeutic targeting of the immune system in cancer is now a clinical reality and marked
successes have been achieved, most notably through the use of checkpoint blockade …

Background A randomised trial designed to compare three and two doses of quadrivalent
human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine in adolescent girls in India was converted to a cohort …

Vaccines generate high-affinity antibodies by recruiting antigen-specific B cells to germinal
centers (GCs), but the mechanisms governing the recruitment to GCs on secondary …

Lipid nanoparticles (LNP) are effective delivery vehicles for messenger RNA (mRNA) and
have shown promise for vaccine applications. Yet there are no published reports detailing …