VACTERL association is a condition involving the presence of multiple congenital
anomalies. The condition was first described more than four decades ago, and is not …

Esophageal Atresia (EA) is a severe developmental defect of the foregut that presents with
or without a Tracheo-Esophageal Fistula (TEF). The prevalence of EA/TEF over time and …

Birth defects occur in up to 3% of all live births and are the leading cause of infant death.
Here we present five individuals from four unrelated families, individuals who share similar …

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is an essential coenzyme involved in over 400
cellular reactions. During embryogenesis, mammals synthesize NAD de novo from dietary l …

Musculoskeletal soft tissue infections are not uncommonly encountered in both the clinic
and Emergency Department setting. The clinical diagnosis is not always evident as these …

The VATER/VACTERL association describes the combination of congenital anomalies
including vertebral defects, anorectal malformations, cardiac defects, tracheoesophageal …

Anomalies in tracheo-esophageal development result in a spectrum of congenital
malformations ranging from, most commonly, esophageal atresia with or without trachea …

Limb congenital defects afflict approximately 0.6: 1000 live births. In addition to genetic
factors, prenatal exposure to drugs and environmental toxicants, represents a major …

Background Congenital malformations are described in about 3% of live births and 20% of
stillbirths in the industrialized countries. The prevalence of congenital anomalies in …

Background The vertebral defect, anal atresia, cardiac defect, tracheoesophageal
fistula/esophageal atresia, renal defect, and limb defect association and Mayer-Rokitansky …