As fixed organisms, plants are especially affected by changes in their environment and have
consequently evolved extensive mechanisms for acclimation and adaptation. Initially …

The chloroplast has a central position in oxygenic photosynthesis and primary metabolism.
In addition to these functions, the chloroplast has recently emerged as a pivotal regulator of …

Chloroplasts are crucial players in the activation of defensive hormonal responses during
plant-pathogen interactions. Here, we show that a plant virus-encoded protein re-localizes …

Plant abiotic stress leads to accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a
consequent decrease in photosynthetic performance. We demonstrate that a plant …

Plastids communicate their developmental and physiological status to the nucleus via
retrograde signaling, allowing nuclear gene expression to be adjusted appropriately …

The chloroplast has recently emerged as pivotal to co‐ordinating plant defence responses
and as a target of plant pathogens. Beyond its central position in oxygenic photosynthesis …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a key signaling role in plant and animal cells. Among
the many cellular mechanisms used to generate and transduce ROS signals, ROS-induced …

Chloroplasts are the sites of photosynthesis in plants and algae and, by extension, are
essential for most life on Earth. Their maintenance is costly and complex due to the inherent …

Chloroplasts are key players in plant immune signaling, contributing to not only de novo
synthesis of defensive phytohormones but also the generation of reactive oxygen and …

The evolution of photosynthesis and its associated metabolic pathways has been crucial to
the successful establishment of plants, but has also challenged plant cells in the form of …