Immune checkpoints are small molecules expressed by immune cells that play critical roles
in maintaining immune homeostasis. Targeting the immune checkpoints cytotoxic T …

Synthetic glucocorticoids are widely used for their anti-inflammatory and
immunosuppressive actions. A possible unwanted effect of glucocorticoid treatment is …

Chronic glucocorticoid (GC) treatment represents a widely-prescribed therapy for several
diseases in consideration of both anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive activity but, if …

The hypothalamic-pituitary axis (HP axis) plays a critical and integrative role in the
endocrine system control to maintain homeostasis. The HP axis is responsible for the …

Purpose The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis exerts many actions on the central
nervous system (CNS) aside from stress regulation. Glucocorticoids (GCs) play an important …

The physiological control of cortisol synthesis in the adrenal cortex involves stimulation of
adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) by hypothalamic corticotrophin‐releasing hormone …

Adrenal insufficiency (AI) is a serious condition, which can arise from pathology affecting the
adrenal gland itself (primary adrenal insufficiency, PAI), hypothalamic or pituitary pathology …

Stress response is essential for the organism to quickly restore physiological homeostasis
disturbed by various environmental insults. In addition to well-established physiological …

Endometrial receptivity is a state of the endometrium defined by its readiness for embryo
implantation. When the receptivity of the endometrium is impaired due to hyperandrogenism …

Endogenous Cushing's syndrome (CS) is a rare endocrine condition frequently caused by a
tumor resulting in elevated cortisol levels. Cushing's disease (CD) caused by an …