Drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) affects approximately one third of epileptic patients. Among
various theories that try to explain multidrug resistance, the transporter hypothesis is the …

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are a major cause of disability and are related to brain
development. The neurological signs of brain lesions can vary from mild clinical shortfalls to …

It is very challenging to treat brain cancer because of the blood–brain barrier (BBB)
restricting therapeutic drug or gene to access the brain. In this research project, angiopep-2 …

While neurodegenerative diseases and cancers are on the rise, treatments for diseases of
the central nervous system (CNS) remain limited. The blood brain barrier (BBB) poses the …

Blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability of a compound determines whether the compound
can effectively enter the brain. It is an essential property which must be accounted for in drug …

The human gut microbiome performs prodigious physiological functions such as production
of microbial metabolites, modulation of nutrient digestion and drug metabolism, control of …

Every organ demonstrates specific vascular characteristics and functions maintained by
interactions of endothelial cells (ECs) and parenchymal cells. Particularly, brain ECs play a …

Introduction: The majority of therapeutics, small molecule or biologics, developed for the
CNS do not penetrate the blood–brain barrier (BBB) sufficiently to induce pharmacologically …

Neurovascular unit (NVU) is a basic unit in the brain, including neurons, glial cells, blood
vessels and extracellular matrix. This concept implies the importance of a three-dimensional …

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) and blood-brain tumour barrier (BBTB) pose a significant
challenge to drug delivery to brain tumours, including aggressive glioblastoma (GB). The …