Cognitive and motor performance measures are commonly employed in multiple sclerosis
(MS) research, particularly when the purpose is to determine the efficacy of treatment. The …

Three types of vascular dysfunction have been described in multiple sclerosis (MS). First,
findings from epidemiological studies suggest that patients with MS have a higher risk for …

Background Cardiovascular (CV) risk factors have been associated with changes in clinical
outcomes in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Objectives To investigate the frequency of …

The exact pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) is incompletely understood. Although auto-
immune responses have an important role in the development of hallmark focal …

Venous abnormalities contribute to the pathophysiology of several neurological conditions.
This paper reviews the literature regarding venous abnormalities in multiple sclerosis (MS) …

Background: Leptomeningeal contrast enhancement (LM CE) has been recently described
in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients as a potential in vivo marker of cortical pathology …

Background The role of the extracranial venous system in the pathology of central nervous
system (CNS) disorders and aging is largely unknown. It is acknowledged that the …

Purpose To assess cerebral microbleed (CMB) prevalence in patients with multiple sclerosis
(MS) and clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) and associations with clinical outcomes …

MINERVA MEDICA COPYRIGHT® Page 1 Vol. 30 - No. 6 INTERNATIONAL ANGIOLOGY 571
from 62% to 100% of obstructive lesions has been found by some teams in patients with MS …

Extracranial venous abnormalities, especially jugular venous outflow disturbance, were
originally viewed as nonpathological phenomena due to a lack of realization and …