In a wide variety of organisms, synonymous codons are used with different frequencies, a
phenomenon known as codon bias. Population genetic studies have shown that …

Codon usage and tRNA abundance are critical parameters for gene synthesis. However, the
forces determining codon usage bias within genomes and between organisms, as well as …

Advances in CRISPR technology have immensely improved our ability to manipulate nucleic
acids, and the recent discovery of the RNA-targeting endonuclease Cas13 adds even further …

OPTIMIZER is an on-line application that optimizes the codon usage of a gene to increase
its expression level. Three methods of optimization are available: the 'one amino acid–one …

Owing to the degeneracy of the genetic code, a protein sequence can be encoded by many
different synonymous mRNA coding sequences. Synonymous codon usage was once …

In many organisms, selection acts on synonymous codons to improve translation. However,
the precise basis of this selection remains unclear in the majority of species. Selection could …

Different synonymous codons are favored by natural selection for translation efficiency and
accuracy in different organisms. The rules governing the identities of favored codons in …

Inosine on transfer RNAs (tRNAs) are post-transcriptionally formed by a deamination
mechanism of adenosines at positions 34, 37 and 57 of certain tRNAs. Despite its ubiquitous …

Abstract Background The Codon Adaptation Index (CAI) is a measure of the synonymous
codon usage bias for a DNA or RNA sequence. It quantifies the similarity between the …

H5N1 influenza viruses have spread extensively among wild birds and domestic poultry.
Cross-species transmission of these viruses to humans has been documented in over 380 …