Researchers working on the development of vaccines face an inherent dilemma: to
maximize immunogenicity without compromising safety and tolerability. Early vaccines often …

The immune system is one of the most important, complex biological networks regulating
and protecting human health. Its precise modulation can prevent deadly infections and fight …

T cell antigen receptor (TCR) signaling drives distinct responses depending on the
differentiation state and context of CD8+ T cells. We hypothesized that access of signal …

As acute infections resolve, effector CD8+ T cells differentiate into interleukin-7 receptor lo
(IL-7R lo) short-lived effector cells (SLECs) and IL-7R hi memory precursor effector cells …

COVID-19 mRNA vaccines effectively reduce incidence of severe disease, hospitalisation
and death. The biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of the mRNA-containing lipid …

Because of the large preexisting antigenic load and immunosuppressive environment within
a tumor, inducing therapeutically useful antitumor immunity in cancer patients requires the …

Upon first antigen encounter, naive CD8+ T cells get activated, clonally expand, and can
develop into very distinct subsets, such as short-living effector cells or different memory …

Recent studies have demonstrated a simple, potentially universal strategy to enhance
vaccine potency, via intralymph node (i. LN) injection. To date, intranodal immunization …

Immune responses to infection are optimally designed to generate large numbers of effector
T cells while simultaneously minimizing the collateral damage of their potentially lethal …

Each injection of any known vaccine results in a strong expression of pro-inflammatory
cytokines. This is the result of the innate immune system activation, without which no …