Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune and neurodegenerative disorder characterized by
chronic inflammation, demyelination, as well as axonal and neuronal loss in the central …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system
(CNS) in which the immune system damages the protective insulation surrounding the nerve …

The gut environment and gut microbiome dysbiosis have been demonstrated to significantly
influence a range of disorders in humans, including obesity, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis …

The prominent pathological consequences of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are the misfolding
and mis-sorting of two cellular proteins, amyloid-β and microtubule-associated protein Tau …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS)
associated with inappropriate activation of lymphocytes, hyperinflammatory responses …

The symbiotic relationship between animals and their resident microorganisms has
profound effects on host immunity. The human microbiota comprises bacteria that reside in …

Nucleotide binding and oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor (NLR) initially appeared
in the public view as a cytoplasmic pathogen recognition receptor (PRR) that plays an …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating inflammatory disorder of the central nervous
system (CNS). Besides the vital role of T cells, other immune cells, including B cells, innate …

Helminth parasites are effective in biasing Th2 immunity and inducing regulatory pathways
that minimize excessive inflammation within their hosts, thus allowing chronic infection to …

Microglia are the brain resident immune cells; they can produce a large variety of growth
factors (GFs) to prevent neuronal damages and promote recovery. In neurodegenerative …