The Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily of signaling molecules plays critical
roles in development, differentiation, homeostasis, and disease. Due to the conservation of …

Apical extracellular matrices (aECMs) coat the exposed surfaces of animal bodies to shape
tissues, influence social interactions, and protect against pathogens and other …

Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) can suppress the activation, proliferation, and
function of many T-cell subsets, protecting organisms from inflammatory and autoimmune …

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling is essential for numerous biologic functions.
It is a highly conserved pathway found in all metazoans including the nematode …

Tannins and tanniferous plant extracts have been discussed as sustainable means for
helminth control in the past two decades in response to a dramatic increase of resistances …

Spaceflight presents significant challenges to the physiological state of living organisms.
This can be due to the microgravity environment experienced during long-term space …

Background In all organisms, the innate immune system defends against pathogens through
basal expression of molecules that provide critical barriers to invasion and inducible …

Klebsiella aerogenes, previously known as Enterobacter aerogenes, is a gram-negative
bacterium typically present in the gastrointestinal tract. While numerous studies reported the …

Whole genome duplication (WGD) or polyploidization can occur at the cellular, tissue, and
organismal levels. At the cellular level, tetraploidization has been proposed as a driver of …

Beginning with the ligands, Rifkin et al. 1 discuss the latent TGF-binding proteins (LTBPs)
with respect to their role in regulating TGF-ligand activity. The transforming growth factor …