Background Interleukin-2 (IL-2) plays a pivotal role in immune homeostasis due to its ability
to stimulate numerous lymphocyte subsets including natural killer (NK) cells, effector CD4+ …

Naive CD4+ T lymphocytes initially undergo antigen-specific activation to promote a broad-
spectrum response before adopting bespoke cytokine expression profiles shaped by …

Gene regulatory networks ensure that important genes are expressed at precise levels.
When gene expression is sufficiently perturbed, it can lead to disease. To understand how …

Virtually all natural proteins are built from only 20 amino acids, and while this makes
possible all the functions they perform, the ability to encode other amino acids selected for …

Cytokines are powerful immune modulators that initiate signaling through receptor
dimerization, but natural cytokines have structural limitations as therapeutics. We present a …

Immunological Proteome Resource (ImmPRes; http://immpres. co. uk/). ImmPRes aims to
provide an in-depth high-quality map of the immune cell proteomes. It is an initiative inspired …

INTRODUCTION Naïve T cells activated by cognate antigens and costimulation proliferate
and differentiate to effector T cells. The shift from a resting to a proliferative state entails …

The immune response is tailored to the environment in which it takes place. Immune cells
sense and adapt to changes in their surroundings, and it is now appreciated that in addition …

Electronic cigarette (e-cig) vaping is increasing rapidly in the United States, as e-cigs are
considered less harmful than combustible cigarettes. However, limited research has been …

Adaptive immune responses rely on the proliferation of T lymphocytes able to recognize and
eliminate pathogens. The magnitude and duration of the expansion of activated T cell clones …