Nowadays, the accumulation of toxic heavy metals in soil and water streams is considered a
serious environmental problem that causes various harmful effects on plants and animals …

Heavy metal accumulation in soil has been rapidly increased due to various natural
processes and anthropogenic (industrial) activities. As heavy metals are non-biodegradable …

Natural and anthropogenic causes are continually growing sources of metals in the
ecosystem; hence, heavy metal (HM) accumulation has become a primary environmental …

Certain five heavy metals viz. arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr)(VI), mercury (Hg),
and lead (Pb) are non-threshold toxins and can exert toxic effects at very low concentrations …

Heavy metals such as Fe, Mn, Cu, Ni, Co, Cd, Zn, Hg and arsenic are for long being
accumulated in soils through industrial waste and sewage disposal. Although some of these …

Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are beneficial soil microorganisms that can
stimulate plant growth and increase tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Some PGPR are …

Mineral nutrition of plants greatly depends on both environmental conditions, particularly of
soils, and the genetic background of the plant itself. Being sessile, plants adopted a range of …

Several recent studies have shown that citric acid/citrate (CA) can confer abiotic stress
tolerance to plants. Exogenous CA application leads to improved growth and yield in crop …

An increase in technological interventions and ruthless urbanization in the name of
development has deteriorated our environment over time and caused the buildup of heavy …

Unprecedented bioaccumulation and biomagnification of heavy metals (HMs) in the
environment have become a dilemma for all living organisms including plants. HMs at toxic …