Carcinomas are complex heterocellular systems containing epithelial cancer cells, stromal
fibroblasts, and multiple immune cell‐types. Cell‐cell communication between these tumor …

Simple Summary Tumor stroma is known to significantly influence cancer initiation and
progression. In the last decade, 3D cell cultures have shown potential in modeling the tumor …

From the development of self-aggregating, scaffold-free multicellular spheroids to the
inclusion of scaffold systems, 3D models have progressively increased in complexity to …

Nowadays, nanomedicine has emerged as one of the most interesting fields of biomedical
research, combining nanotechnology and medicine to offer a better prospect to design …

Basic pre-clinical research based on 2D cultures have been very valuable in colorectal
cancer (CRC) research but still have failed to improve patient prognostic outcomes. This is …

Although historically, the traditional bidimensional in vitro cell system has been widely used
in research, providing much fundamental information regarding cellular functions and …

Cell-based high-throughput screening is a key step in the current disease-based research,
drug development, and precision medicine. However, it is challenging to establish a rapid …

Three-dimensional (3D) spheroid culture provides opportunities to model tumor growth
closer to its natural context. The collagen network in the extracellular matrix supports …

Primary tumors secrete large quantities of cytokines and exosomes into the bloodstream,
which are uptaken at downstream sites and induce a pro-fibrotic, pro-inflammatory …

In recent years, many research groups have begun to utilize bioengineered in vitro models
of cancer to study mechanisms of disease progression, test drug candidates, and develop …