The study of virus disease emergence, whether it can be predicted and how it might be
prevented, has become a major research topic in biomedicine. Here we show that efforts to …

The HIV genome encodes a small number of viral proteins (ie, 16), invariably establishing
cooperative associations among HIV proteins and between HIV and host proteins, to invade …

HIV-1, the cause of AIDS, is composed of four phylogenetic lineages, groups M, N, O, and P,
each of which resulted from an independent cross-species transmission event of simian …

Sexual transmission of HIV-1 is an inefficient process, with only one or few variants of the
donor quasispecies establishing the new infection. A critical, and as yet unresolved …

HIV, the causative agent of AIDS, has a complex evolutionary history involving several cross-
species transmissions and recombination events as well as changes in the repertoire and …

Human and simian immunodeficiency viruses (HIVs and SIVs, respectively) encode several
small proteins (Vif, Vpr, Nef, Vpu, and Vpx) that are called accessory because they are not …

The cellular factor serine incorporator 5 (SERINC5) impairs HIV-1 infectivity but is
antagonized by the viral Nef protein. We analyzed the anti-SERINC5 activity of Nef proteins …

NF-κB is essential for effective transcription of primate lentiviral genomes and also activates
antiviral host genes. Here, we show that the early protein Nef of most primate lentiviruses …

The accessory protein Nef of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a primary determinant
of viral pathogenesis. Nef is abundantly expressed during infection and reroutes a variety of …

Viral protein U (Vpu) is a lentiviral viroporin encoded by human immunodeficiency virus type
1 (HIV-1) and some simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) strains. This small protein of 81 …