HIV-1, the main causative agent of AIDS, and related primate lentiviruses show a striking
ability to efficiently replicate throughout the lifetime of an infected host. In addition to their …

To enhance infection, enveloped viruses exploit adhesion molecules expressed on the
surface of host cells. Specifically, phosphatidylserine (PS) receptors–including members of …

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) groups M, N, O, and P are the result of
independent zoonotic transmissions of simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) infecting …

Parallel molecular evolution is the independent evolution of the same genotype or
phenotype from distinct ancestors. The simple genomes and rapid evolution of many viruses …

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) relies heavily on the host cellular machinery for
production of viral progeny. To exploit cellular proteins for replication and to overcome host …

The HIV accessory protein Nef counteracts immune defenses by subverting coated vesicle
pathways. The 3.7 Å cryo-EM structure of a closed trimer of the clathrin adaptor AP-1, the …

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) has evolved elaborate ways to evade
immune cell recognition, including downregulation of classical HLA class I (HLA-I) from the …

APOBEC3s (A3s) are potent restriction factors of human immunodeficiency virus type
1/simian immunodeficiency viruses (HIV-1/SIV), and can repress cross-species …

The T cell Ig and mucin domain (TIM) proteins inhibit release of HIV-1 and other enveloped
viruses by interacting with cell-and virion-associated phosphatidylserine (PS). Here, we …

INTRODUCTION Clathrin-coated vesicles mediate endocytosis and sorting from the trans-
Golgi network (TGN) and endosomes to lysosomes. Adaptor protein (AP) complexes such as …