Reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as singlet oxygen, superoxide (O2●−) and hydrogen
peroxide (H2O2) are the markers of living cells. Oxygenic photosynthesis produces ROS in …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) are produced in all aerobic life forms
under both physiological and adverse conditions. Unregulated ROS/NO generation causes …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS)–the byproducts of aerobic metabolism–influence numerous
aspects of the plant life cycle and environmental response mechanisms. In plants, ROS act …

Plants are constantly challenged by various abiotic stresses that negatively affect growth
and productivity worldwide. During the course of their evolution, plants have developed …

The particles within the size range of 1 and 100 nm are known as nanoparticles (NPs). NP-
containing wastes released from household, industrial and medical products are emerging …

It is well established that salicylic acid (SA) plays a critical role in the transcriptional
reprograming that occurs during the plant defense response against biotic and abiotic …

The chloroplast has a central position in oxygenic photosynthesis and primary metabolism.
In addition to these functions, the chloroplast has recently emerged as a pivotal regulator of …

It is well established that oxidative stress is an important cause of cellular damage. During
stress conditions, plants have evolved regulatory mechanisms to adapt to various …

With the advent of human civilization and anthropogenic activities in the shade of
urbanization and global climate change, plants are exposed to a complex set of abiotic …

Turnover of dysfunctional organelles is vital to maintain homeostasis in eukaryotic cells. As
photosynthetic organelles, plant chloroplasts can suffer sunlight-induced damage. However …