Immersion water sports involve long-term apneas; therefore, athletes must physiologically
adapt to maintain muscle oxygenation, despite not performing pulmonary ventilation. Breath …

Lowlanders sojourning for more than 1 day at high altitude (HA) experience a reduction in
plasma volume (PV) that increases haemoglobin concentration and thus restores arterial …

While MRI and CT are the gold standards for assessments of splenic size in clinical settings,
ultrasonography is particularly suited due to its portability, cost efficiency and easy …

The spleen contracts during apnea, releasing stored erythrocytes, thereby increasing
systemic hemoglobin concentration (Hb). We compared apnea and rebreathing periods, of …

Intermittent hypoxia (IH) is commonly associated with pathological conditions, particularly
obstructive sleep apnoea. However, IH is also increasingly used to enhance health and …

The human spleen acts as a reservoir for red blood cells, which is mobilized into the
systemic circulation during various conditions such as hypoxia and physical exertion. Cross …

This study tested the hypotheses that 1) spleen volume increases during head-out-of-water
immersion (HOWI) and returns to pre-HOWI values postdiuresis, and 2) the magnitude of …

High-altitude polycythemia (HAPC) affects individuals living at high altitudes, characterized
by increased red blood cells (RBCs) production in response to hypoxic conditions. The exact …

Objective Spleen volume increases in patients with advanced heart failure (HF) after left
ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation. However, the relationship between spleen …

Methods Experiments were performed on 20 young healthy participants, though full datasets
were obtained in only 14 of these: six women and eight men (age 20–24 years). The study …