Importance Primary care clinicians find managing chronic pain challenging. Evidence of
long-term efficacy of opioids for chronic pain is limited. Opioid use is associated with serious …

Introduction Pain treatment is best performed when a patient-centric, safety-based
philosophy is used to determine an algorithmic process to guide care. Since 2007, the …

Background: Opioid use, abuse, and adverse consequences, including death, have
escalated at an alarming rate since the 1990s. In an attempt to control opioid abuse …

Sleep abnormalities are associated with acute and chronic use of addictive substances.
Although sleep complaints associated with use and abstinence from addictive substances …

The complexity of central breathing disturbances during sleep has become increasingly
obvious. They present as central sleep apnoeas (CSAs) and hypopnoeas, periodic …

Objective: Review, synthesize, and summarize recent evidence on adverse effects of long-
term opioid treatment for noncancer pain and present an organ system-based guide for …

Objective. This article reviews the potential physical and psychological consequences of
chronic pain and the importance of implementing effective therapeutic strategies to mitigate …

Objective. A panel of experts in pain medicine and public policy convened to examine root
causes and risk factors for opioid-related poisoning deaths and to propose …

As the complexity of analgesic therapies increases, priorities of care must be established to
balance aggressive pain management with measures to prevent or minimize adverse events …

BACKGROUND: Chronic opioid use has been associated with the development of sleep-
disordered breathing (SDB) such as central sleep apnea (CSA). Patients receiving chronic …